Class+Seperation+-+Shelly+Danny+Lauren

Class Separation Shelly Covert, Danny Talley, Lauren Nickel



The Sunni-Shiite Divide

 * ** Country ** || ** Sunnis ** || ** Shiites & Offshoots ** ||
 * Afghanistan || 84% || 15% ||
 * Bahrain || 30% || 70% ||
 * Egypt || 90% || 1% ||
 * Iran || 10% || 89% ||
 * Iraq || 32-37% || 60-65% ||
 * Kuwait || 60% || 25% ||
 * Lebanon || 23% || 38% ||
 * Pakistan || 77% || 20% ||
 * Saudi Arabia || 90% || 10% ||
 * Syria || 74% || 16% (Alawites) ||
 * Turkey || 83-93% || 7-17% ||
 * United Arab Emirates || 81% || 15% ||
 * Yemen || 70% || 30% ||
 * // Source: Congressional Research Service // ||

**Timeline ** 1919: Third anglo-afghan war between the UK and Afghanistan ends

1926: Emir Amanullah begins pashtun dynasty and ruling monarch

April 1978: A successful military coup against prime minister Daud Khan ends the pashtun monarchy -Establishes democratic party of Afghanistan and places Nur Mohammad Taraki, a pashtun, as prime minister

Aug. 1978: Taraki announces reforms such as elminating usury and equal rights for woman are met with violence in Nurestan area of Afghanistan -Beginning of major violent uprising in Afghanistan

Dec. 24 1979: Russians sends more than 200,000 troops to intervene with the conflict

1980: U.S. begins providing aid to the Mujahideen

Nov. 1987: Afghanistan establishes a new constitution and Mohammad Najibullah, a pashtun, is elected to presidency

May 1988: Soviet troops begin withdrawl

April 1992: Najibullah ousted from power, interim government created by multiple mujahideen groups

1994: Taliban formed by former mujahideen fighter Mullah Mohammad Omar

**Politics/Religion** **THE TWELVE IMAMS:**
 * In the 7th century the Islam religion was founded by Mohammed
 * There are two branches to this religion: The Sunni Branch and the Shiite Branch.
 * They both share the most basic Islamic beliefs
 * The Sunni Branch was mostly made up of the Pasthuns. They believed that the first four of the Prophet Mohammed's succesors, or caliphs, could take his place as the Muslim leaders.
 * The word "Sunni" in Arabic comes from a word meaning "one who follows the traditions of the Prophet."
 * The Shiite Branch was mostly made up of the Hazaras. They believed that only the heirs of the fourth caliph, Ali, could take the Prophet Mohammed's place as the Muslim leaders.
 * Ali was Mohammed's cousin/son-in-law, making them directly related and keeps the religion in the blood line.
 * The word "Shia" in Arabic means a group or supportive party of people
 * Most Shia's are said to be "twelvers" or Muslims who believe in the 12 Imams
 * **Name** || **Title** || **Year of birth and death** ||
 * 1) Imam 'Alí ibn Abu Talib || al-Murtadha (The Satisfied One) || 600–661 ||
 * 2) Imam Hasan ibn Ali || al-Mujtabah (The Chosen One) || 625–669 ||
 * 3) Imam Husayn ibn Ali || Sayyid al-Shuhudah (The Lord of the Martyrs) || 626–680 ||
 * 4) Imam 'Alí ibn Husayn || Zayn al-Ábidín (The Jewel of the Believers) || 658–713 ||
 * 5) Imam Muhammad al-Báqir || (The Spreader of Knowledge) || 676–743 ||
 * 6) Imam Ja'far al-Sádiq || (The Truthful One) || 703–765 ||
 * 7) Imam Músa al-Kazim || (The Patient One) || 745–799 ||
 * 8) Imam 'Alí al-Ridhá || (The Accepted One) || 765–818 ||
 * 9) Imam Muhammad al-Taqí || (The Pious One) || 810–835 ||
 * 10) Imam 'Alí al-Naqí || (The Pure One) || 827–868 ||
 * 11) Imam Hasan al-Askarí || (The One with an Army) || 846–874 ||
 * 12) Imam Muhammad al-Mahdí || (The Rightly-Guided One) || 868— ||


 * The 12th Imam: Mahdi or "rightly guided one
 * Sunnis believe the Mahdi, has yet to come into history
 * The Shiite believe the Mahdi has already been in history but has gone "into hiding".
 * The religious conflict among the Sunnis and Shiites turned into one of a political conflict. They were constantly battling over who should rule: someone in the bloodline or someone who was fully capable. However, because the Sunnies, or Pashtuns, made up so much more of the population they ruled over Afghanistan and becoming the dominant class. The Pashtuns overruled the Hazaras giving the Hazaras no say politically. This only led to the Shiites, or Hazaras, to feel like outsiders and they were soon treated unfairly.

** History of Slavery **
 * When Amir Abdur Rehman was in power (1880-1901), the Hazaras were put under the title of people who do not believe in religion or follow a religion other then their own
 * After this was declared the massacre of the Hazara people occured
 * Nearly 60% of the Hazara population was "butchered" and forced to migrate from their native land to neighboring countries of India, Iran, and Central Asian republics
 * After the occurrence of this event, the Hazaras were the "hallmark" of slavery
 * Many of the others had to pay high taxes
 * The slavery ended 20 years later, but the Hazara still remain at the very bottom of the Afghan social ladder
 * King Amunllah, grandson of Amir Abdur Rehman, got ride of slavery of the Hazaras in Afghanistan
 * Hazaras were treated as third class citizens due to their language and racial and religious believes until the year of 1978

Mazar-e Sharif Massacre The Mazar-e Sharif is the fourth largest city in Afghanistan. The Mazar-e was in control of almost every other city in Afghanistan when it was attacked. In September of 1997, the Taliban conducted their first attack near Mazar-e Sharif. The Taliban executed Hazara civilians near Mazar-e Sharif. The Taliban were unable to take control of the Mazar-e Sharif this time. In August of 1998 the Mazar-e was invaded by the Taliban and created one of the biggest atrocities ever. Not long after gaining control, the Taliban killed numerous amounts of people. "Taliban troops killed scores of civilians in indiscriminate attacks, shooting noncombatants and suspected combatants alike in residential areas, city street sand markets" Civilians of this city described the attack as a "killing frenzy". There have been reports that between 2,000 and 5,000 men, women, and children -- mostly of Hazara ethnicity -- were killed during this attack. The Taliban forces carried a systematic search for men and boys of Hazara ethnicity. Many have said that the Talib an raped and abducted many of the Hazara women and young girls during this attack. Following this incident, 11 Iranian diplomats disappeared. 8 of the dimplomats were confirmed to be killed by Taliban malitia. Many of the civilians were worried the Iranians would respond to the attack. More than 70,000 Iranian troo ps were deployed to the Afghan border The United Nations soon stepped in and mediated the fued among the Taliban and the Iranians and all hostages were eventuall released. A mass grave was found about 24 miles west of the city of Mazar-e-Sharif. The grave contained 350 bodies, all Hazara. It was said that most of the bodies were killed in the Mazar-e-Sharif massacre.

** Today **


 * Progress for the Hazaras **


 * This letter was addressed by Amir Habibullah Khan (1901-1919), son of Amir Abdur Rahman Khan (1880-1901), to the Hazaras acknowledging the atrocities committed by his father against the Hazaras. In the letter, Amir Habibullah Khan asked the Hazaras to return to their homeland of Afghanistan




 * Harazas are recognized for being strong, determined, peaceful people
 * Despite the torture they endure, the Hazara people have become known for their bravery, unity, determination, and strength
 * The Telaban-style Sharia bill seeks to severely limit and discriminate against Hazara women

** Set-backs for the Hazaras **


 * Even though women were getting more rights then in the past, they were still restricted on what they could do
 * They could leave their house but only permission from their husband
 * They could persue a job, become educated, and use doctor serviced but the women had to make sure it was okay with their husband
 * Although the Hazara people have risen a little big higher in Afghanistan, they are still constantly being brutally killed.
 * Killed for fighting for equal rights
 * Killed for being apart of Hezb-e-Wahdat (a unity party)
 * Children are kidnapped and killed
 * Starvation
 * Rapped and shot to death
 * Burned to death
 * Fed to dogs
 * Brutally tortured and killed in front of their family members
 * Hazaras are being killed by leaders of the Middle East, which includes some of their own leaders
 * July 4, 2003: 53 killed and 65 wounded. Terrorists, who were armed with home-made bombs, hand grenades, and AK-47's, entered a Hazara town. The 3 terrorists shot worshippers and threw hand grenades and home-made bombs into places of worship. It was later found out that these 3 terrorists strongly support the Taliban.
 * January 7, 2004: 15 Hazaras were killed while traveling in a vehicle. It was reported that there were some tension between the Hazaras and Pashtuns in the neighboring providence where the car attacking occurred.

**Progress for the Pashtuns** The Pashtun ethnic group have been seen as the superior group in Afghanistan, all with the help of the Taliban. Lately, the Pashtun people have risen mostly due to the rising of the Taliban. The Taliban have been taking over and controlling various areas in Afghanistan with the involvement of the Pashtun people. The Pashtuns have begun to take over many parts of Afghanistan and have been able to remain in control. The highly militant Pashtuns have been gaining support, as well as thousands of recruits with the American invasion almost nine years ago. The Pashtun people now control these certain parts of the country by using the newly recruited militants as soldiers for the Taliban in hopes of forcing the Americans out of the country. Although this might be the height of Pashtun control in Afghanistan, currently, recent deployment plans made by president Obama of more soldiers to the country may cause the Pashtun ethnicity to fall. President Obama plans to deploy as much as 30,000 more U.S. troops to Afghanistan to put an end to the Pashtun uprising. President Obama’s plan is to end the fighting between the Taliban and the U.S. by eliminating the Pashtun militants and to knock them off as the leading power in Afghanistan and end the massacres that are being caused by the Pashtun flooded Taliban. However, the fighting is still occuring today.
 * Set-backs for the Pashtuns**

Bibliography: __[|http://www.hazara.net/forum/ishaq/ishaq.html]__ [] __[]__ [] [|http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/1998/11/01/afghanistan-massacre-mazar-i-sharif] @http://www.politicsdaily.com/2009/12/01/new-u-s-strategy-in-afghanistan-war-with-the-pashtun/ __[] []__ @http://www.xtimeline.com/timeline/Conflict-in-Afghanistan